What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and name two characteristic facial features often seen in affected children.

• A. A mild condition with no facial features.
• B. The severe end of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; features include smooth philtrum and thin upper lip.
• C. A genetic syndrome unrelated to alcohol exposure.
• D. A temporary developmental delay reversible by abstinence.

Answer: (B)

Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most severe form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders caused by alcohol exposure before birth, disrupting craniofacial development and brain growth. Two facial features commonly seen in affected children are a smooth philtrum (the vertical groove under the nose) and a thin upper lip (reduced fullness of the vermilion). These features reflect the way alcohol interferes with normal facial formation during early pregnancy. It’s not a genetic condition and it isn’t reversible simply by abstaining after birth; recognizing these facial clues, along with growth and neurodevelopmental history, helps identify FASD.